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<title>Separation process</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_chemical_engineering" title="Outline of chemical engineering">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_chemical_engineering" title="History of chemical engineering">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_chemical_engineering_articles" title="Index of chemical engineering articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.2em;">

Fundamentals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">Engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_process" title="Chemical process">Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Kinetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">Transport phenomena</a></li></ul></td>

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<a href="Unit_process" title="Unit process">Unit processes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">Chemical plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">Chemical reactor</a></li>

</ul></td>

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Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">Mass transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li>

<li><br><a href="Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">Process control</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li></ul></td>

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Glossaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of chemistry">Glossary of chemistry</a></li>

<li>Glossary of engineering

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<p>A <b>separation process</b> is a method that converts a <a href="Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> or a <a href="Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution of chemical substances</a> into two or more distinct product mixtures,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a scientific process of separating two or more substances in order to obtain purity. At least one product mixture from the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, charge, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture.

</p><p>Processes are often classified according to the particular properties they exploit to achieve separation. If no single difference can be used to accomplish the desired separation, multiple <a href="Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">operations</a> can often be combined to achieve the desired end. Different processes are also sometimes categorized by their separating agent, i.e. <i>mass separating agents</i> or <i>energy separating agents</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass separating agents operate by addition of material to induce separation like the addition of an anti-solvent to induce precipitation. In contrast, energy-based separations cause separation by heating or cooling as in distillation.

</p><p><a href="Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a> and <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> in nature are impure to some degree. Often these raw materials must go through a separation before they can be put to productive use, making separation techniques essential for the modern industrial economy.

</p><p>The purpose of separation may be:

</p>

<ul><li><i>analytical</i>: to identify the size of each fraction of a mixture is attributable to each component without attempting to harvest the fractions.</li>

<li><i>preparative</i>: to "prepare" fractions for input into processes that benefit when components are separated.</li></ul>

<p>Separations may be performed on a small scale, as in a <a href="Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> for analytical purposes, or on a large scale, as in a <a href="Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plant</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complete_and_incomplete_separation">Complete and incomplete separation</h2></div>

<p>Some types of separation require complete purification of a certain component. An example is the production of <a href="Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> metal from <a href="Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> ore through <a href="Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">electrolysis refining</a>. In contrast, an incomplete separation process may specify an output to consist of a mixture instead of a single pure component. A good example of an incomplete separation technique is <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various <a href="Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="Oil#Chemical_feedstock" title="Oil">chemical feedstocks</a>, none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude.

</p><p>In both complete separation and incomplete separation, a series or cascade of separations may be necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual <a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> steps, each of which produces a different product or <a href="Reaction_intermediate#Chemical_processing_industry" title="Reaction intermediate">intermediate</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_separation_techniques">List of separation techniques</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">Centrifugation</a> and <a href="Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">cyclonic separation</a>, separates based on density differences</li>

<li><a href="Chelation" title="Chelation">Chelation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material.

<ul><li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatography</a> (HPLC)</li>

<li><a href="Thin-layer_chromatography" title="Thin-layer chromatography">Thin-layer chromatography</a> (TLC)</li>

<li><a href="Countercurrent_chromatography" title="Countercurrent chromatography">Countercurrent chromatography</a> (CCC)</li>

<li><a href="Droplet_countercurrent_chromatography" title="Droplet countercurrent chromatography">Droplet countercurrent chromatography</a> (DCC)</li>

<li><a href="Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">Paper chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Ion_chromatography" title="Ion chromatography">Ion chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Size-exclusion_chromatography" title="Size-exclusion chromatography">Size-exclusion chromatography</a> (SEC)</li>

<li><a href="Affinity_chromatography" title="Affinity chromatography">Affinity chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifugal_partition_chromatography" title="Centrifugal partition chromatography">Centrifugal partition chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatography</a> and <a href="Inverse_gas_chromatography" title="Inverse gas chromatography">Inverse gas chromatography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Demister_(vapor)" title="Demister (vapor)">Demister (vapor)</a>, removes liquid droplets from gas streams</li>

<li><a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a>, used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling points</li>

<li><a href="Drying" title="Drying">Drying</a>, removes liquid from a solid by vaporization or evaporation</li>

<li><a href="Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a>, separates organic molecules based on their different interaction with a <a href="Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> under an electric potential (i.e., different travel)

<ul><li><a href="Capillary_electrophoresis" title="Capillary electrophoresis">Capillary electrophoresis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic separation">Electrostatic separation</a>, works on the principle of corona discharge, where two plates are placed close together and high voltage is applied. This high voltage is used to separate the ionized particles.</li>

<li><a href="Elutriation" title="Elutriation">Elutriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporation" title="Evaporation">Evaporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_phase_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid phase extraction">Solid phase extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Supercritical_fluid_extraction" title="Supercritical fluid extraction">Supercritical fluid extraction</a></li>

<li>Subcritical fluid extraction</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Field_flow_fractionation" title="Field flow fractionation">Field flow fractionation</a></li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a> – <a href="Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a>, bag and paper filters are used to remove large particulates suspended in fluids (e.g., <a href="Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>) while <a href="Membrane_technology" title="Membrane technology">membrane processes</a> including <a href="Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">microfiltration</a>, <a href="Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">ultrafiltration</a>, <a href="Nanofiltration" title="Nanofiltration">nanofiltration</a>, <a href="Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>, <a href="Dialysis_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialysis (biochemistry)">dialysis (biochemistry)</a> utilising <a href="Synthetic_membrane" title="Synthetic membrane">synthetic membranes</a>, separates <a href="Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometre</a>-sized or smaller species</li>

<li><a href="Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a>, separates a solid from a liquid in a colloid, by use of a flocculant, which promotes the solid clumping into flocs</li>

<li><a href="Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractional_freezing" title="Fractional freezing">Fractional freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">Magnetic separation</a></li>

<li><a href="API_oil-water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="API oil-water separator">Oil-water separation</a>, gravimetrically separates suspended oil droplets from waste water in <a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, <a href="Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, <a href="Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants and similar industries</li>

<li><a href="Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubbing</a>, separation of particulates (solids) or gases from a gas stream using liquid.</li>

<li><a href="Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a>, separates using vocal density pressure differences

<ul><li><a href="Gravity_separation" title="Gravity separation">Gravity separation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sieving" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieving">Sieving</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponge_(tool)" title="Sponge (tool)">Sponge</a>, adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface</li>

<li><a href="Stripping_(chemistry)" title="Stripping (chemistry)">Stripping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sublimation_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (physics)">Sublimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Souders%E2%80%93Brown_equation" title="Souders–Brown equation">Vapor–liquid separation</a>, separates by gravity, based on the Souders–Brown equation</li>

<li><a href="Winnowing" title="Winnowing">Winnowing</a></li>

<li><a href="Zone_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone refining">Zone refining</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a> – Study of the separation, identification, and quantification of matter</li>

<li><a href="Chemical_process" title="Chemical process">Chemical process</a> – A method or means of somehow changing one or more <a href="Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> or <a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a>.</li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatography</a> – Technique in analytical chemistry</li>

<li><a href="Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a> – Basic step in a process</li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a> – Process that separates solids from fluids</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWilsonAdlardCookePoole2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ian D.; Adlard, Edward R.; Cooke, Michael; et al., eds. (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of separation science</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-226770-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeaderHenley2006" class="citation book cs1">Seader, J. D.; Henley, Ernest J. (2006). <i>Separation process principles</i> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-471-46480-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2019" class="citation report cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019). A Research Agenda for Transforming Separation Science (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25421">10.17226/25421</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-309-49170-9</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite report}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=96&cnt=1">Separation of Mixtures Using Different Techniques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605124124/http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=96&cnt=1">Archived</a> 2013-06-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, instructions for performing classroom experiments</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=39&cnt=1">Separation of Components of a Mixture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605160427/http://amrita.olabs.co.in/?sub=73&brch=2&sim=39&cnt=1">Archived</a> 2013-06-05 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, instructions for performing classroom experiments</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Separation_processes90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Separation_processes90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sorption" title="Sorption">Absorption</a></li>

<li><a href="Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Acid–base extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Adsorption" title="Adsorption">Adsorption</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li>

<li><a href="Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry)">Dialysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drying" title="Drying">Drying</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochromatography" title="Electrochromatography">Electrochromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrofiltration" title="Electrofiltration">Electrofiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a></li>

<li><a href="Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_separation" title="Gravity separation">Gravity separation</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroextraction" title="Electroextraction">Electroextraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">Solid-phase extraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li>

<li><a href="Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">Belt filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_filter" title="Depth filter">Depth filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_press" title="Filter press">Filter press</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li>

<li><a href="Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixer-settler" title="Mixer-settler">Mixer-settler</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_sand_filter" title="Rapid sand filter">Rapid sand filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter" title="Rotary vacuum-drum filter">Rotary vacuum-drum filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li>

<li><a href="Still" title="Still">Still</a></li>

<li><a href="Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">Sublimation apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_ceramic_filter" title="Vacuum ceramic filter">Vacuum ceramic filter</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiphase<br> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">Aqueous two-phase system</a></li>

<li><a href="Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analytical_chemistry674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analytical_chemistry674" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">Instrumentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">Atomic absorption spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame_emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame emission spectroscopy">Flame emission spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Melting_point_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melting point apparatus">Melting point apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_spectrometer" title="Optical spectrometer">Optical spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">Gravimetric analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ion_mobility_spectrometry" title="Ion mobility spectrometry">Ion mobility spectrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sampling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sub-sampling_(chemistry)#Coning_and_quartering" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Coning and quartering</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">Dissolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Masking_agent" title="Masking agent">Masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">Pulverization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sample_preparation" title="Sample preparation">Sample preparation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-sampling_(chemistry)" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Sub-sampling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calibration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Calibration_curve" title="Calibration curve">Calibration curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrix_(chemical_analysis)" title="Matrix (chemical analysis)">Matrix effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_standard" title="Internal standard">Internal standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_addition" title="Standard addition">Standard addition</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotope_dilution" title="Isotope dilution">Isotope dilution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent <a href="List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in chemistry">publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Analyst_(journal)" title="Analyst (journal)">Analyst</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytica_Chimica_Acta" title="Analytica Chimica Acta">Analytica Chimica Acta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_and_Bioanalytical_Chemistry" title="Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry">Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Analytical Chemistry (journal)">Analytical Chemistry</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_Biochemistry" title="Analytical Biochemistry">Analytical Biochemistry</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Analytical_chemistry" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Analytical chemistry">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><b><a href="Portal%3AChemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li>

<li><a href="Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a>

<li><a href="Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a>

<li><a href="Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a>

<li><a href="Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li>

<li><a href="Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a>

<ul><li><a href="VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li>

<li><a href="Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li>

<li>"<a href="The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AChemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

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